Hashtags 2.0: breve historia y proyección de futuro
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1 julio 2017
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Los hashtags son un ejemplo de lo que se denomina Folcsonomía, termino acuñado por Van der Val en 2004 para designar aquellas etiquetas (“tag”) que ayudan al proceso de indexación y búsqueda de contenidos online. Dicho esto, el símbolo almohadilla of “hash” (#) posee una historia bastante rica a lo largo de la era de la computación. Este artículo traza la rica historia de este símbolo desde su empleo como ayuda tecnológica hasta su reinvención como hashtag. Esta nueva iteración fue propuesta por Chris Messina para facilitar la creación de grupos en Twitter replicando, en cierto modo, el uso del símbolo # en IRC (Internet Relay Chat) para designar “canales” que estaban asociados a tópicos específicos y el intercambio de información en torno a ellos. Los incendios que sacudieron San Diego en Octubre del 2007 incentivaron el crecimiento orgánico en la adopción del hashtag, crecimiento que no se ha detenido desde entonces, haciendo del mismo un símbolo casi ineludible en las comunicaciones actuales. La popularidad del hashtag lo ha hecho también un vehículo para entender los flujos de información. Consecuentemente, se ha generado una literatura muy rica que intenta explicar los mecanismos de difusión en redes sociales, abriendo, al mismo tiempo, un nuevo interrogante: ¿es eso todo lo que puede ofrecer el hashtag? Este paper trata de dar respuesta a dicha pregunta introduciendo, en el proceso, un nuevo concepto, el de “hashtag programables” (o #p).
Palabras clave
Redes Sociales, Hashtags, Hashtags Programables, Era de la Información, Teoría de Grafos
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Salazar, Eduardo. 2017. «Hashtags 2.0: Breve Historia Y Proyección De Futur»o. Revista ICONO 14. Revista Científica De Comunicación Y Tecnologías Emergentes 15 (2), 16-54. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v15i2.1091.
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MONOGRÁFICO
Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional.
Citas
Matthias Muller-Prove. See "Modell und Anwendungperspektive des Social Tagging" in Chapter 2 of Birgit Gaiser, Thorsten Hampel and Stephanie Panke (Eds.), Good Tags – Bad tags. Social Tagging in der Wissensorganisation, Waxmann (2008).
Keith Huston, Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols and Other Typographical Marks, W.W. Norton & Company, New York (2013).
See Ralph Carlsen, "What the \#\#\#\#?," Telecoms Heritage Journal, issue 28 (1996): 52-53, and also John Koten, "Behind Two Symbols on a Telephone Keypad," The Wall Street Journal, (March 28, 1994).
Christensen, Ward and Randy Suess, "Hobbyist Computerized Bulletin Board," BYTE Magazine, vol. 3, num. 11 (November 1978): 150-157.
Robert Nideffer, Bodies, No-bodies and Anti-bodies at War: Operation Desert Storm and the Politics of the Real, unpublished PhD Thesis, UCSB (1995), Chapter 5.
Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, The MIT Press, 2nd. edition (2000).
Philip Howard and Muzammil Hussain, "Digital Media and the Arab Spring," Journal of Democracy, vol. 22, no. 3 (2011): 35-48.
Philip Howard and Muzammil Hussain, Democracy's Fourth Wave? Digital Media and the Arab Spring, Oxford Studies in Digital Politics, Oxford University Press (2013).
Merlyna Lim, "Clicks, cabs, and coffee houses: social media and oppositional movements in Egypt," Journal of Communication, vol. 62, no. 2 (2012): 231-248.
Zizi Papacharissi and Maria de Fatima Oliveira, "Affective News and Networked Publics: The Rhythms of News Storytelling on #Egypt" Journal of Communication, vol. 62, no. 2 (2012): 266-282
Aziz Douai, "Seeds of change in Tahrir Square and beyond: People power or technological convergence?" American Communication Journal, vol. 15, no.1 (2013): 24-33.
John Parmalee and Shannon Bichard, Politics and the Twitter revolution: How tweets influence the relationship between political leaders and the public, Lexington Books (2012)
Om Malik, "Silicon Valley is all Twttr" (Jul 15, 2006). Link https://gigaom.com/2006/07/15/valleys-all-twttr
Cynthia Cho, "For More Advertisers, The Medium is the Text Message," The Wall Street Journal (August 2, 2004). Link http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109139983092779955
Michael Calore, "California Fire Followers Set Twitter Ablaze" in the Wired.com blog (October 22, 2007).
Ryan Singel , "In Disasters, Everyone, Not Just Bloggers, Should Use Twitter" (October 24, 2007). Link http://www.wired.com/2007/10/in-disasters-ev.
Jeremy Mullman, "Land Rover Taps Twitter as Campaign Cornerstone," AdAge (April 20, 2009). Link http://adage.com/article/digital/land-rover-taps-twitter-campaign-cornerstone/136090.
Adam Ostrow, "Sponsored Hashtags: A Brand Risk Worth Taking?" Mashable (April 21, 2009). See http://mashable.com/2009/04/21/sponsored-hashtags/#oj_mcYyx9gqK.
B Bonin Bough and Stephanie Agresta, Perspectives on Social Media Marketing, Cengage Learning, J Miletsky (series Ed.), 1st. edition (2001): 188.
Adam Acar and Yuya Muraki, "Twitter for crisis communication: lessons learned from Japan’s tsunami disaster," International Journal of Web Based Communities, vol. 7, num. 3 (2011): 392-402. Link http://phys.org/pdf222094545.pdf
Kate Starbird and Leysa Palen, "Pass it on? Retweeting in mass emergency," 7th. International ISCRAM Conference, Seattle (2010). Link http://faculty.washington.edu/kstarbi/iscram_Retweet_FinalPaper.pdf
Carrie Brown, "#Memstorm: Twitter as a Community Driven Breaking News Reporting Tool," #ISOJ: The International Symposium on Online Journalism, 2012. See https://online.journalism.utexas.edu/2012/papers/Brown.pdf
Nancy Snow, "What’s that chirping I hear? From the CNN effect to the Twitter effect." In Yahya Kamalipour (Ed.), Media, power, and politics in the digital age: The 2009 presidential election uprising in Iran, Rowman & Littlefield (2010): 97–104. Link http://www.academia.edu/9761036/Whats_That_Chirping_I_Hear_From_the_CNN_Effect_to_the_Twitter_Effect.
Valerie Belair-Gagnon, Social Media at BBC News: The Re-Making of Crisis Reporting, Routledge (2015), Chapter 2.
Jane Singer, "User-generated visibility: Secondary gatekeeping in a shared media space," New Media and Society, vol. 16, nr. 1 (2014): 55-73.
Jumoke Balogun, "Dear world, your hashtags won't #BringBackOurGirls," The Guardian (May 9, 2014). Link http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/09/nigeria-hashtags-wont-bring-back-our-girls-bringbackourgirls
Henry Jenkins, Sam Ford and Joshua Green, Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture, New York University Press (2013).
Axel Bruns and Jean Burgess (2011), "The use of Twitter hashtags in the formation of ad hoc publics," Proceedings of the 6th. European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) General Conference, Reykjavik (2011).
Tharon Howard, Design to thrive: Creating social networks and online communities that last, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers (2010).
Katrin Weller, Evelyn Dröge and Cornelius Puschmann, "Citation analysis in Twitter: Approaches for defining and measuring information flows within tweets during scientific conferences," # MSM2011 – First Making Sense of Microposts Workshop, Co-located with 8th. Extended Semantic Web Conference, Crete (2011): 2. Link http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-718/paper_04.pdf
Axel Bruns and Stephan Stieglitz, "Quantitative approaches to comparing communication patterns on Twitter," Journal of Technology in Human Services, vol. 30 (2012): 160–185. See http://eprints.qut.edu.au/55823/1/Quantitative_Approaches_to_Comparing_Communication_Patterns_on_Twitter.pdf
Axel Bruns and Hallvard Moe, "Structural layers of communication on Twitter." In Katrin Weller, Axel Bruns, Jean Burgess, Merja Mahrt and Cornelius Puschmann (Eds.), Twitter and Society, Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe (2013): 15–28. Link http://eprints.qut.edu.au/66324/1/Twitter_and_Society_-_Structural_Layers_of_Communication_on_Twitter_%282014%29.pdf
Jeffrey Rzeszotarski, Emma Spiro, Jorge Matias, Andres Monroy-Hernández and Meredith Morris, "Is anyone out there? Unpacking Q&A hashtags on Twitter," ACM (Association for Computer Machinery) CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Toronto (2014). Link http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/208028/qna_hashtags_chi2014.pdf
Lei Yang, Tao Sun, Ming Zhang and Qiaozhu Mei, "We know what@ you# tag: Does the dual role affect hashtag adoption?" Proceedings of the ACM 21st. International Conference on World Wide Web, New York (2012): 261–270. See http://www-personal.umich.edu/~yangle/www2012_yang.pdf
Norman Kretzmann (Ed.), William of Sherwood: Introduction to Logic, University of Minnessota Press (1966): 111.
Tord Fornberg and Nils Hellholm (Eds.), Texts and Contexts: Biblical Texts in Their Textual and Situational Contexts – Essays in Honor of Lars Hartman, Scandinavian University Press (1995).
Michele Zappavigna, Discourse of Twitter and Social Media: How We Use Language to Create Affiliation on the Web, 1st. edition, Bloombsury Academic (2012).
Todd Hoff, "The Architecture Twitter Uses To Deal With 150M Active Users, 300K QPS, A 22 MB/S Firehose, And Send Tweets In Under 5 Seconds" (July 8, 2013). See http://highscalability.com/blog/2013/7/8/the-architecture-twitter-uses-to-deal-with-150m-active-users.html
Axel Bruns and Hallvard Moe, "Structural layers of communication on Twitter." In Katrin Weller, Axel Bruns, Jean Burgess, Merja Mahrt and Cornelius Puschmann (Eds.), Twitter and Society, Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe (2013): 15–28. See http://eprints.qut.edu.au/66324/1/Twitter_and_Society_-_Structural_Layers_of_Communication_on_Twitter_%282014%29.pdf
Justin Cheng, Daniel Romero, Brendan Meeder and Jon Klienberg, "Predicting Reciprocity in Social Networks," Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Conference on Social Computing (SocialCom), Boston (2011). Link http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/socialcom11-recip.pdf
Scott Golder and Bernardo Huberman, "Usage patterns of collaborative tagging systems," Journal of Information Science, vol. 32, no. 2 (2006). Link http://jis.sagepub.com/content/32/2/198.short
Cameron Marlow, Mor Naaman, Danah Boyd and Marc Davis, "HT06, tagging paper, taxonomy, Flickr, academic article, to read," Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Hypertext and hypermedia (HYPERTEXT '06), Odense (2006). See http://pagesperso.lina.univ-nantes.fr/~prie-y/ens/06-07/M2R/articles/p31-marlow.pdf
Rossano Schifanella, Alain Barrat, Ciro Cattuto, Benjamin Markines and Filippo Menczer, "Folks in Folksonomies: Social Link Prediction from Shared Metadata," 3rd ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM), New York (2010). Link http://arxiv.org/pdf/1003.2281v1.pdf
Matthew Richardson and Pedro Domingos, "Mining Knowledge-Sharing Sites for Viral Marketing," Proceedings of the 8th. ACM International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDDM), Edmonton (2002). Link http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/mattri/papers/kdd2002/mkss.pdf
Oren Tsur and Ari Rappoport, "What's in a Hashtag? Content based Prediction of the Spread of Ideas in Microblogging Communities," 5th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM), Seattle (2012). See http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~orentsur/papers/wsdm12.pdf
Kwan Hui Lim and Amitava Datta, "A Topological Approach for Detecting Twitter Communities with Common Interests," in Martin Atzmuller, Alvin Chin, Denis Helic and Andreas Hotho (Eds.), Ubiquitous Social Media Analysis, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 8239, Springer (2013): 23-43. See http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.674.4880&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Douglas White, "Innovation in the Context of Networks, Hierarchies and Cohesion," in
David Lane, Denise Pumain, Sander van der Leew and Geoffrey West (Eds.), Complexity Perspectives in Innovation and Social Change, Springer (2009): 153-196. Link http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/pub/ch5revMay-20.pdf
Stanley Wasserman and Catherine Faust, Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications, Cambridge University Press (1994).
Mark Newman, "Assortative Mixing in Networks," Physical Review Letters, vol. 89, no. 20 (2002). Link http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0305612v1.pdf
Mark Newman and Juyong Park, "Why social networks are different from other types of networks," Physical Review Letters E, vol. 68, no. 3 (2003). See http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0305612.pdf
Bo Hu and Xiao-Fang Wang, "Dissasortative mixing in online social networks," Europhysics Letters Association, vol. 86, no. 1 (2009). See http://arxiv.org/pdf/0909.0450v1.pdf
Zicong Zhou, Roja Bandari, Joseph Kong, Hai Quian and Vwani Roychowdhury, "Information Resonance on Twitter: Watching Iran," 1st ACM Workshop on Social Media Analytics (SOMA '10), Washington (2010). Link http://snap.stanford.edu/soma2010/papers/soma2010_17.pdf
Seth Myers, Aneesh Sharma, Pankaj Gupta and Jimmy Lin, "Information Network or Social Network? The Structure of the Twitter Follow Graph," Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW '14), New York (2014). Link http://wwwconference.org/proceedings/www2014/companion/p493.pdf
Cosma Shalizi and Andrew Thomas, "Homophily and Contagion Are Generically Confounded in Observational Social Network Studies," Sociological Methods and Research, vol. 40, no. 2 (2011). See http://arxiv.org/pdf/1004.4704v3.pdf
Catherine Bliss, Isabel Kloumann, Kameron Harris, Christopher Danforth and Peter Dodds, "Twitter reciprocal reply networks exhibit assortativity with respect to happiness," Journal of Computational Science, vol. 3 (2012). Link http://www.uvm.edu/~cdanfort/research/bliss-jocs-2012.pdf
Vladimir Propp, Morphology of the Folktale, University of Texas Press, 2nd Ed. (1968).
Gaia Varese and Silvana Castagno, "Building Collective Tag Intelligence through Folksonomy Coordination," in Nick Bessis and Fatos Xhafa (Eds.), Next Generation Data Technologies for Collective Computational Intelligence, Spinger-Verlag (2011)
Jack Marshall, "Brands Are Wasting Money on Facebook and Twitter, Forrester Says," The Wall Street Journal (November 17, 2014).
Keith Huston, Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols and Other Typographical Marks, W.W. Norton & Company, New York (2013).
See Ralph Carlsen, "What the \#\#\#\#?," Telecoms Heritage Journal, issue 28 (1996): 52-53, and also John Koten, "Behind Two Symbols on a Telephone Keypad," The Wall Street Journal, (March 28, 1994).
Christensen, Ward and Randy Suess, "Hobbyist Computerized Bulletin Board," BYTE Magazine, vol. 3, num. 11 (November 1978): 150-157.
Robert Nideffer, Bodies, No-bodies and Anti-bodies at War: Operation Desert Storm and the Politics of the Real, unpublished PhD Thesis, UCSB (1995), Chapter 5.
Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, The MIT Press, 2nd. edition (2000).
Philip Howard and Muzammil Hussain, "Digital Media and the Arab Spring," Journal of Democracy, vol. 22, no. 3 (2011): 35-48.
Philip Howard and Muzammil Hussain, Democracy's Fourth Wave? Digital Media and the Arab Spring, Oxford Studies in Digital Politics, Oxford University Press (2013).
Merlyna Lim, "Clicks, cabs, and coffee houses: social media and oppositional movements in Egypt," Journal of Communication, vol. 62, no. 2 (2012): 231-248.
Zizi Papacharissi and Maria de Fatima Oliveira, "Affective News and Networked Publics: The Rhythms of News Storytelling on #Egypt" Journal of Communication, vol. 62, no. 2 (2012): 266-282
Aziz Douai, "Seeds of change in Tahrir Square and beyond: People power or technological convergence?" American Communication Journal, vol. 15, no.1 (2013): 24-33.
John Parmalee and Shannon Bichard, Politics and the Twitter revolution: How tweets influence the relationship between political leaders and the public, Lexington Books (2012)
Om Malik, "Silicon Valley is all Twttr" (Jul 15, 2006). Link https://gigaom.com/2006/07/15/valleys-all-twttr
Cynthia Cho, "For More Advertisers, The Medium is the Text Message," The Wall Street Journal (August 2, 2004). Link http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109139983092779955
Michael Calore, "California Fire Followers Set Twitter Ablaze" in the Wired.com blog (October 22, 2007).
Ryan Singel , "In Disasters, Everyone, Not Just Bloggers, Should Use Twitter" (October 24, 2007). Link http://www.wired.com/2007/10/in-disasters-ev.
Jeremy Mullman, "Land Rover Taps Twitter as Campaign Cornerstone," AdAge (April 20, 2009). Link http://adage.com/article/digital/land-rover-taps-twitter-campaign-cornerstone/136090.
Adam Ostrow, "Sponsored Hashtags: A Brand Risk Worth Taking?" Mashable (April 21, 2009). See http://mashable.com/2009/04/21/sponsored-hashtags/#oj_mcYyx9gqK.
B Bonin Bough and Stephanie Agresta, Perspectives on Social Media Marketing, Cengage Learning, J Miletsky (series Ed.), 1st. edition (2001): 188.
Adam Acar and Yuya Muraki, "Twitter for crisis communication: lessons learned from Japan’s tsunami disaster," International Journal of Web Based Communities, vol. 7, num. 3 (2011): 392-402. Link http://phys.org/pdf222094545.pdf
Kate Starbird and Leysa Palen, "Pass it on? Retweeting in mass emergency," 7th. International ISCRAM Conference, Seattle (2010). Link http://faculty.washington.edu/kstarbi/iscram_Retweet_FinalPaper.pdf
Carrie Brown, "#Memstorm: Twitter as a Community Driven Breaking News Reporting Tool," #ISOJ: The International Symposium on Online Journalism, 2012. See https://online.journalism.utexas.edu/2012/papers/Brown.pdf
Nancy Snow, "What’s that chirping I hear? From the CNN effect to the Twitter effect." In Yahya Kamalipour (Ed.), Media, power, and politics in the digital age: The 2009 presidential election uprising in Iran, Rowman & Littlefield (2010): 97–104. Link http://www.academia.edu/9761036/Whats_That_Chirping_I_Hear_From_the_CNN_Effect_to_the_Twitter_Effect.
Valerie Belair-Gagnon, Social Media at BBC News: The Re-Making of Crisis Reporting, Routledge (2015), Chapter 2.
Jane Singer, "User-generated visibility: Secondary gatekeeping in a shared media space," New Media and Society, vol. 16, nr. 1 (2014): 55-73.
Jumoke Balogun, "Dear world, your hashtags won't #BringBackOurGirls," The Guardian (May 9, 2014). Link http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/09/nigeria-hashtags-wont-bring-back-our-girls-bringbackourgirls
Henry Jenkins, Sam Ford and Joshua Green, Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture, New York University Press (2013).
Axel Bruns and Jean Burgess (2011), "The use of Twitter hashtags in the formation of ad hoc publics," Proceedings of the 6th. European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) General Conference, Reykjavik (2011).
Tharon Howard, Design to thrive: Creating social networks and online communities that last, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers (2010).
Katrin Weller, Evelyn Dröge and Cornelius Puschmann, "Citation analysis in Twitter: Approaches for defining and measuring information flows within tweets during scientific conferences," # MSM2011 – First Making Sense of Microposts Workshop, Co-located with 8th. Extended Semantic Web Conference, Crete (2011): 2. Link http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-718/paper_04.pdf
Axel Bruns and Stephan Stieglitz, "Quantitative approaches to comparing communication patterns on Twitter," Journal of Technology in Human Services, vol. 30 (2012): 160–185. See http://eprints.qut.edu.au/55823/1/Quantitative_Approaches_to_Comparing_Communication_Patterns_on_Twitter.pdf
Axel Bruns and Hallvard Moe, "Structural layers of communication on Twitter." In Katrin Weller, Axel Bruns, Jean Burgess, Merja Mahrt and Cornelius Puschmann (Eds.), Twitter and Society, Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe (2013): 15–28. Link http://eprints.qut.edu.au/66324/1/Twitter_and_Society_-_Structural_Layers_of_Communication_on_Twitter_%282014%29.pdf
Jeffrey Rzeszotarski, Emma Spiro, Jorge Matias, Andres Monroy-Hernández and Meredith Morris, "Is anyone out there? Unpacking Q&A hashtags on Twitter," ACM (Association for Computer Machinery) CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Toronto (2014). Link http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/208028/qna_hashtags_chi2014.pdf
Lei Yang, Tao Sun, Ming Zhang and Qiaozhu Mei, "We know what@ you# tag: Does the dual role affect hashtag adoption?" Proceedings of the ACM 21st. International Conference on World Wide Web, New York (2012): 261–270. See http://www-personal.umich.edu/~yangle/www2012_yang.pdf
Norman Kretzmann (Ed.), William of Sherwood: Introduction to Logic, University of Minnessota Press (1966): 111.
Tord Fornberg and Nils Hellholm (Eds.), Texts and Contexts: Biblical Texts in Their Textual and Situational Contexts – Essays in Honor of Lars Hartman, Scandinavian University Press (1995).
Michele Zappavigna, Discourse of Twitter and Social Media: How We Use Language to Create Affiliation on the Web, 1st. edition, Bloombsury Academic (2012).
Todd Hoff, "The Architecture Twitter Uses To Deal With 150M Active Users, 300K QPS, A 22 MB/S Firehose, And Send Tweets In Under 5 Seconds" (July 8, 2013). See http://highscalability.com/blog/2013/7/8/the-architecture-twitter-uses-to-deal-with-150m-active-users.html
Axel Bruns and Hallvard Moe, "Structural layers of communication on Twitter." In Katrin Weller, Axel Bruns, Jean Burgess, Merja Mahrt and Cornelius Puschmann (Eds.), Twitter and Society, Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe (2013): 15–28. See http://eprints.qut.edu.au/66324/1/Twitter_and_Society_-_Structural_Layers_of_Communication_on_Twitter_%282014%29.pdf
Justin Cheng, Daniel Romero, Brendan Meeder and Jon Klienberg, "Predicting Reciprocity in Social Networks," Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Conference on Social Computing (SocialCom), Boston (2011). Link http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/socialcom11-recip.pdf
Scott Golder and Bernardo Huberman, "Usage patterns of collaborative tagging systems," Journal of Information Science, vol. 32, no. 2 (2006). Link http://jis.sagepub.com/content/32/2/198.short
Cameron Marlow, Mor Naaman, Danah Boyd and Marc Davis, "HT06, tagging paper, taxonomy, Flickr, academic article, to read," Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Hypertext and hypermedia (HYPERTEXT '06), Odense (2006). See http://pagesperso.lina.univ-nantes.fr/~prie-y/ens/06-07/M2R/articles/p31-marlow.pdf
Rossano Schifanella, Alain Barrat, Ciro Cattuto, Benjamin Markines and Filippo Menczer, "Folks in Folksonomies: Social Link Prediction from Shared Metadata," 3rd ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM), New York (2010). Link http://arxiv.org/pdf/1003.2281v1.pdf
Matthew Richardson and Pedro Domingos, "Mining Knowledge-Sharing Sites for Viral Marketing," Proceedings of the 8th. ACM International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDDM), Edmonton (2002). Link http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/mattri/papers/kdd2002/mkss.pdf
Oren Tsur and Ari Rappoport, "What's in a Hashtag? Content based Prediction of the Spread of Ideas in Microblogging Communities," 5th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM), Seattle (2012). See http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~orentsur/papers/wsdm12.pdf
Kwan Hui Lim and Amitava Datta, "A Topological Approach for Detecting Twitter Communities with Common Interests," in Martin Atzmuller, Alvin Chin, Denis Helic and Andreas Hotho (Eds.), Ubiquitous Social Media Analysis, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 8239, Springer (2013): 23-43. See http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.674.4880&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Douglas White, "Innovation in the Context of Networks, Hierarchies and Cohesion," in
David Lane, Denise Pumain, Sander van der Leew and Geoffrey West (Eds.), Complexity Perspectives in Innovation and Social Change, Springer (2009): 153-196. Link http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/pub/ch5revMay-20.pdf
Stanley Wasserman and Catherine Faust, Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications, Cambridge University Press (1994).
Mark Newman, "Assortative Mixing in Networks," Physical Review Letters, vol. 89, no. 20 (2002). Link http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0305612v1.pdf
Mark Newman and Juyong Park, "Why social networks are different from other types of networks," Physical Review Letters E, vol. 68, no. 3 (2003). See http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0305612.pdf
Bo Hu and Xiao-Fang Wang, "Dissasortative mixing in online social networks," Europhysics Letters Association, vol. 86, no. 1 (2009). See http://arxiv.org/pdf/0909.0450v1.pdf
Zicong Zhou, Roja Bandari, Joseph Kong, Hai Quian and Vwani Roychowdhury, "Information Resonance on Twitter: Watching Iran," 1st ACM Workshop on Social Media Analytics (SOMA '10), Washington (2010). Link http://snap.stanford.edu/soma2010/papers/soma2010_17.pdf
Seth Myers, Aneesh Sharma, Pankaj Gupta and Jimmy Lin, "Information Network or Social Network? The Structure of the Twitter Follow Graph," Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW '14), New York (2014). Link http://wwwconference.org/proceedings/www2014/companion/p493.pdf
Cosma Shalizi and Andrew Thomas, "Homophily and Contagion Are Generically Confounded in Observational Social Network Studies," Sociological Methods and Research, vol. 40, no. 2 (2011). See http://arxiv.org/pdf/1004.4704v3.pdf
Catherine Bliss, Isabel Kloumann, Kameron Harris, Christopher Danforth and Peter Dodds, "Twitter reciprocal reply networks exhibit assortativity with respect to happiness," Journal of Computational Science, vol. 3 (2012). Link http://www.uvm.edu/~cdanfort/research/bliss-jocs-2012.pdf
Vladimir Propp, Morphology of the Folktale, University of Texas Press, 2nd Ed. (1968).
Gaia Varese and Silvana Castagno, "Building Collective Tag Intelligence through Folksonomy Coordination," in Nick Bessis and Fatos Xhafa (Eds.), Next Generation Data Technologies for Collective Computational Intelligence, Spinger-Verlag (2011)
Jack Marshall, "Brands Are Wasting Money on Facebook and Twitter, Forrester Says," The Wall Street Journal (November 17, 2014).