Eurosodom: aspectos específicos de la sexualidad armada y las narrativas basadas en el género en la desinformación rusa y prorrusa contemporánea
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El Kremlin, bajo el liderazgo del presidente Vladimir Putin, ha patrocinado un resurgimiento de la guerra política contra objetivos occidentales. Este análisis se centrará en un aspecto particular de la guerra política patrocinada por el Kremlin: la sexualidad y las narrativas basadas en el género en las campañas de desinformación rusas y prorrusas dirigidas a la UE y a los aspirantes a miembros de 2015-2020. La potencia de estas narrativas surge de la carga emocional y cognitiva que provocan. Su importancia a menudo se pasa por alto en los estudios de seguridad, inteligencia y comunicación. Para aliviar esta brecha, este artículo consiste en un análisis de métodos mixtos para analizar el papel y la función de estas narrativas dentro del cuerpo más amplio de la desinformación rusa. Esta investigación muestra que las narrativas de desinformación basadas en la sexualidad y el género están diseñadas para apuntar a las emociones humanas básicas, como el miedo, la ira, la hostilidad, la confusión y el disgusto, explotando los sesgos cognitivos existentes dentro de la población objetivo. Estas narrativas son una herramienta política y de propaganda útil y eficaz destinada a obtener apoyo para una marca específica de valores tradicionales que promueve el objetivo geopolítico del Kremlin de crear una alternativa a la hegemonía liberal occidental.
Palabras clave:
desinformación, narrativa, metanarrativas, sexualidad, género, ruso
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Cushman, Ellery G, y Kiril Avramov. 2021. «Eurosodom: Aspectos específicos De La Sexualidad Armada Y Las Narrativas Basadas En El género En La desinformación Rusa Y Prorrusa contemporánea». Revista ICONO 14. Revista científica De Comunicación Y Tecnologías Emergentes 19 (1):123-54. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v19i1.1626.
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Suslov, M. (2012). Geographical metanarratives in Russia and the european east: contemporary pan-Slavism. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 53(5), 575-595.
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Van Dijk, T. (1995). Discourse Analysis as Ideology Analysis,[w:] Language and Peace, ed. C. Schäffner, A. Wenden.
Yablokov, I. (2018). Fortress Russia: Conspiracy theories in the post-Soviet world. John Wiley & Sons.
Bauer, R. A., & Gleicher, D. B. (1953). Word-of-mouth communication in the Soviet Union. Public Opinion Quarterly, 17(3), 297-310.
Bernardi, D. L., Cheong, P. H., Lundry, C., & Ruston, S. W. (2012). Narrative landmines: Rumors, Islamist extremism, and the struggle for strategic influence. Rutgers University Press.
Betz, D. (2008). The virtual dimension of contemporary insurgency and counterinsurgency. Small wars & insurgencies, 19(4), 510-540.
Cheskin, A. (2017). Russian soft power in Ukraine: A structural perspective. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 50(4), 277-287.
Cohn, C. (1993). Wars, Wimps and Women. Miriam Cooke and Angela Woollacott.
Connely, K. (2016). “Germany toughens rape laws after New Year’s Eve attacks in Cologne,” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/07/german-mps-back-stricter-rape-laws-after-cologne-attacks.
Coppins, M. (2020). “The Billion Dollar Disinformation Campaign to Reelect the President,” The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/03/the-2020-disinformation-war/605530/.
Deutsche Welle (2017). “Report: Cologne New Year’s Eve attacks ‘could have been prevented,’ DW, https://www.dw.com/en/report-cologne-new-years-eve-attacks-could-have-been-prevented/a-37979296
DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2007). Rumor psychology: Social and organizational approaches. American Psychological Association.
Duncan, P. J. (2002). Russian messianism: third Rome, revolution, communism and after. Routledge.
Eksi, B., & Wood, E. A. (2019). Right-wing populism as gendered performance: Janus-faced masculinity in the leadership of Vladimir Putin and Recep T. Erdogan. Theory and Society, 48(5), 733-751.
EU vs. Disinfo, (2020). “About,” https://euvsdisinfo.eu/about/
Fierstein, H. (2013). “Russia’s Anti-Gay Crackdown,” New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/opinion/russias-anti-gay-crackdown.html.
Fine, G. A., & Heath, C. (Eds.). (2009). Rumor mills: The social impact of rumor and legend. Transaction Publishers.
Fiske, S. T. (2018). Social beings: Core motives in social psychology. John Wiley & Sons.
Foxall, A. (2013). Photographing Vladimir Putin: Masculinity, nationalism and visuality in Russian political culture. Geopolitics, 18(1), 132-156.
Foxall, A. (2019). From Evropa to Gayropa: A critical geopolitics of the European Union as seen from Russia. Geopolitics, 24(1), 174-193.
Gessen, M. (2013). The man without a face: The unlikely rise of Vladimir Putin. Riverhead Books
Gourley, Seran, (2020) “To fight disinformation, we need to weaponize the truth, Wired, 2020, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/fix-disinformation-facts
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan.
Laruelle, M. (2000). Russia as an anti-liberal European civilisation. The new Russian nationalism: imperialism, ethnicity and authoritarianism, 2015, 275-297.
Laruelle, M. (2012). Larger, higher, farther north… geographical metanarratives of the nation in Russia. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 53(5), 557-574.
McCauley, K. N. (2016). Russian Influence Campaigns against the West: From the Cold War to Putin. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Novitskaya, A. (2017). Patriotism, sentiment, and male hysteria: Putin’s masculinity politics and the persecution of non-heterosexual Russians. Norma, 12(3-4), 302-318.
RFE/RL, (2018), “’A Living Hell’: Russia’s ‘Propaganda’ Law Damaging LGBT Youth, HRW Finds,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-gay-propaganda-law-rights/29651416.html.
Riabov, O., & Riabova, T. (2014). The remasculinization of Russia? Gender, nationalism, and the legitimation of power under Vladimir Putin. Problems of Post-communism, 61(2), 23-35.
Riabova, T., & Riabov, O. (2019). The “Rape of Europe”: 2016 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Cologne in hegemonic discourse of Russian media. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 52(2), 145-154.
Rutland, P. (2014). The Pussy Riot affair: gender and national identity in Putin's Russia. Nationalities Papers, 42(4), 575-582.
Sharafutdinova, G. (2014). The Pussy Riot affair and Putin's démarche from sovereign democracy to sovereign morality. Nationalities Papers, 42(4), 615-621.
Shibutani, T. (1966). Improvised news: A sociological study of rumor. Ardent Media.
Snyder, T. (2018). The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America. Tim Duggan Books.
Sperling, V. (2015). Sex, politics, and Putin: Political legitimacy in Russia. Oxford University Press.
Sunstein, C. R. (2002). Risk and reason: Safety, law, and the environment. Cambridge University Press.
Suslov, M. (2012). Geographical metanarratives in Russia and the european east: contemporary pan-Slavism. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 53(5), 575-595.
Turner, R. H., & Killian, L. M. (1957). Collective behavior (Vol. 3). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Van Dijk, T. (1995). Discourse Analysis as Ideology Analysis,[w:] Language and Peace, ed. C. Schäffner, A. Wenden.
Yablokov, I. (2018). Fortress Russia: Conspiracy theories in the post-Soviet world. John Wiley & Sons.