Evolution of Deepfake: semantic fields and discursive genres 2017-2021
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The present study aims to carry out an analysis of the evolution of the semantic fields and discursive genres of deepfake since its appearance in 2017 and until 2021. The study focuses on the description of the “outer layer” (Simondon, 2013) of deepfake as a technical-aesthetic and cultural object, in a dynamic, progressive and changing scenario, where its cultural uses and practices expand. Likewise, the beneficial and criminal uses of deepfake are reviewed, as well as the main ethical and legal problems that it raises in the complex post-truth scenario. The research is based on a longitudinal analytical-synthetic methodology in three phases between 2017-2021. The study reveals a progressive discursive evolution in which new semantic fields and discursive genres of deepfake emerge, with a trend towards beneficial uses and not only criminal ones in the sphere of the audiovisual industry, activism, experimental art, commercial, medical uses, advertising, propaganda, education, among others; likewise, the study reviews the status of the use of the term deepfake to denote beneficial and criminal uses.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
How to Cite
References
Adriani, R. (2019). The Evolution of Fake News and the Abuse of Emerging Technologies. European Journal of Social Sciences, 2(1), 32-38. https://bit.ly/2TfNQsv
Ajder, H., Patrini, G., & Cavalli, F. (2020). Automating image abuse: Deepfake bots on Telegram. Sensity.Automating Image Abuse: Deepfake bots on Telegram. Sensityai. https://bit.ly/3b1bkqV
Ajder, H., Patrini, G., Cavalli, F. (2019). The State of Deepfakes: Landscape, Threats, and Impact. Amsterdam: Deeptrace.
Aldrin, P. (2005). Sociologie politique des rumeurs. París: PUF.
Amorós, M. (2019). Fake News, la verdad de las noticias falsas. Barcelona: Plataforma Editorial.
Ball, J. (2017). Post-Truth: How Bullshit Conquered the World. London: Bite Back Publishing.
Barnes, C. y Barraclough, T. (2019). Perception inception: Preparing for deepfakes and the synthetic media of tomorrow. New Zealand: The Law Foundation. ISBN: 978 0 473 48214 5
Barnes, C., & Barraclough, T. (2020). Deepfakes and synthetic media. In Emerging technologies and international security (pp. 206-220). Routledge.
Bogicevic, Vanja, Soobin Seo, Jay A Kandampully, Stephanie Q Liu and Nancy A Rudd (2019), "Virtual reality presence as a preamble of tourism experience: The role of mental imagery," Tourism Management, 74, 55-64.
Bown, A. y Briston , D. (2019). Seizing the Memes of Production. punctum books, doi: 10.21983/P3.0255.1.00
Campbell, C., Plangger, K., Sands S & Kietzmann, J. (2021). Preparing for an era of deepfakes and AI-generated ads: A framework for understanding responses to manipulated advertising. Journal of Advertising, in press. https://bit.ly/3tFhx38
Codina, Ll. (2018). “Revisiones bibliográficas sistematizadas: Procedimientos generales y framework para Ciencias Humanas y Sociales”. En: Lopezosa, Carlos; Díaz-Noci, Javier; Codina, Lluís. Methodos. Anuario de métodos de investigación en comunicación social. Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra, pp. 50-60. https://doi.org/10.31009/methodos.2020.i01.05
Cole, S. (27 junio 2019). Esta terrorífica app crea un nude de cualquier mujer con un simple clic. Vice. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2019 de https://bit.ly/2Ii3WbS
Conte, P. (2019). Mockumentality: from hyperfaces to deepfakes. World Literature Studies. Insitute of World Literature SAS. https://bit.ly/2QFH4Le
Cosentino, G. (2020). Social Media and the Post-Truth World Order. The Global Dynamics of Disinformation. Cham: Springer Nature.
Cooke, N. A. (2018). Fake News and Alternative Facts. Information Literacy in a Post-
Truth Era. Chicago: American Library Association.
Cortazar F. (2014) Imágenes rumorales, memes y selfies: elementos comunes y significados Iztapalapa, Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, núm. 77, julio-diciembre, 2014, pp. 191-214
Chawla, R. (2019). Deepfakes : How a pervert shook the world. International Journal for Advance Research and Development, 4, 4-8. https://bit.ly/3gXR4dl
Chen, M., Radford, A., Child, R., Wu, J., Jun, H., Luan, D., Sutskever, I. (2020). “Generative pretraining from pixels”. En: Proceedings of the 37th International conference on machine learning, n. 119, pp. 1691-1703. http://proceedings.mlr.press/v119/chen20s.html
D´Ancona, M. (2018). Post-Truth, the New War on Truth an How to Fight Back. United Kingdom: Edbury Press.
De-Granda-Orive, José-Ignacio; Alonso-Arroyo, Adolfo; García-Río, Francisco; Solano-Reina, Segismundo; Jiménez- Ruiz, Carlos-Andrés; Aleixandre-Benavent, Rafael (2013). “Ciertas ventajas de Scopus sobre Web of Science en un análisis bibliométrico sobre tabaquismo”. Revista española de documentación científica, v. 36, n. 2. https://doi.org/10.3989/redc.2013.2.941
Dietmar, J. (2019, May 21). GANs And Deepfakes Could Revolutionize The Fashion Industry. Forbes. https://bit.ly/3A42YtB
Forsdick, S. (2019, February 27). Meet the team working to prevent the spread of next-gen fake news through ‘deepfake’ videos. NSBusiness. https://bit.ly/3hp1BgL
Fraga-Lamas, P., & Fernández-Caramés, T. M. (2020). Fake news, disinformation, and deepfakes: Leveraging distributed ledger technologies and blockchain to combat digital deception and counterfeit reality. IT Professional, 22(2), 53-59.
Gardiner, N. (2019). Facial re-enactment, speech synthesis and the rise of the Deepfake. Edith Cowan University. https://bit.ly/3xWk4Yp
Garimella, K. y Eckles, D. (2020). “Images and misinformation in political groups: Evidence from WhatsApp in India”. Misinformation review, v. 1, n. 5.
https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-030
Gómez-de-Ágreda, A., Feijóo, C., Salazar-García, I. (2021). “Una nueva taxonomía del uso de la imagen en la conformación interesada del relato digital. Deep fakes e inteligencia artificial”. Profesional de la información, v. 30, n. 2, e300216.
https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.mar.16
Gosse, Ch. y Burkell, J. (2020). "Politics and porn: how news media characterizes problems presented by deepfakes, Critical Studies in Media Communication" (2020). FIMS Publications. 345. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/fimspub/345
Greene, T. (2021, September 30). Who thought political ads featuring Deepfake Putin and Kim trashing the US was a good idea? Rnw. https://bit.ly/3xYLflx
Guthrie, S. (2020). Virtual influencers: More human than humans. In Influencer Marketing (pp. 271-285). Routledge. https://bit.ly/3hiC8oU
Hao, K. (2020, Septiembre 03). 'Deepfakes' virales: la fina línea que separa el humor del abuso. MIT Technology Review. https://bit.ly/2UBK0Kt
Hao, K. (2020, October, 20). A deepfake bot is being used to “undress” underage girls. MIT Technology Review, https://bit.ly/3wXdaSF
Huffman, S. (2018 May 08). The future of the Google Assistant: Helping you get things done to give you time back. The Keyword. https://bit.ly/35W6gBg
Hyeongwoo, K. et. al. (2019). Neural style-Preserving visual dubbing. SIGGRAPH Asia 2019. https://bit.ly/2UImk7q
Ibañez, J. (2017). En la era de la posverdad. Madrid: Calambur.
Ipsen, G. 1924. «Der alte Orient und die Indogermanen». Festschrif - W. Streitberg.
Heidelberg: 200-237.
Jee, Ch. (2019). An Indian politician is using deepfake technology to win new voters. MIT Technology Review. httpns://bit.ly/35ZdJj6
Jesso, S. T., Kennedy, W. G., & Wiese, E. (2020). Behavioral Cues of Humanness in Complex Environments: How People Engage With Human and Artificially Intelligent Agents in a Multiplayer Videogame. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 7. / https://bit.ly/3jvQVQ6
Kalpokas, I. (2019). A Political Theory of Post-Truth. London and New York: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Kietzmann, J., Lee, L. W., McCarthy, I. P., Kietzmann, T. C. (2020). Deepfakes: Trick or treat? Business Horizons, 63(2), 135–146.
Kietzmann, T. C., McClure, P., & Kriegeskorte, N. (2019). Deep neural networks
in computational neuroscience. In Oxford research encyclopedia of neuroscience. Oxford University Press.
Kwok, A. O., Koh, S. G. (2020). Deepfake: a social construction of technology perspective. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1738357
Leviathan, Y. (2018, May 08). Google Duplex: An AI System for Accomplishing Real-World Tasks Over the Phone. Google AI Blog. https://bit.ly/3douUP8
Lyons, K. (2020, Feb 18). An Indian politician used AI to translate his speech into other languages to reach more voters. The Verge. https://bit.ly/2U7wiz0
Maras, M. H., Alexandrou, A. (2019). Determining authenticity of video evidence in the age of artificial intelligence and in the wake of Deepfake videos. The International Journal of Evidence & Proof, 23(3), 255–262.
Martínez, V. C., Castillo, G. P. (2019). Historia del" fake" audiovisual:" deepfake" y la mujer en un imaginario falsificado y perverso. Historia y Comunicación Social, 24(2), 55.
Meersohn, C. (2021). Introducción a Teun Van Dijk: Análisis de Discurso. Cinta de Moebius. Chile: Facultad de Ciencas Sociales, Universidad de Chile.
Mosley, M. (2021). Virtual Influencers: What Are They & How Do They Work? Influencer Matchmaker. https://bit.ly/3x4SKY6
Nield, D. (2020). Samsung's Creepy New AI Can Generate Talking Deepfakes From a Single Image. Science Alert. https://bit.ly/339CVBR
Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, C. M., Nguyen, D. T., Nguyen, D. T., & Nahavandi, S. (2019). Deep learning for deepfakes creation and detection: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.11573. http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11573
Martínez, M. (2003). Definiciones del concepto campo en Semántica: antes y después de la lexemática de E. Coseriu, Odisea No. 3.Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid. http://repositorio.ual.es/handle/10835/1380
Naruniec, J., Helminger, L., Schroers, C., Weber, R.M., Disney Research Studios, ETH Zürich (2020). High-Resolution Neural Face Swapping for Visual Effects. Computer Graphics Forum, The Eurographics Association and John. Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published by, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://bit.ly/3h6LDaF
Oliveira-Teixeira, F., Donadon-Homem, T. P., & Pereira-Junior, A. (2021). Aplicación de inteligencia artificial para monitorear el uso de mascarillas de protección. Revista Científica General José María Córdova, 19(33), 205-222. https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.725
Paris, B; Donovan, J. (2019). Deepfakes and Cheap Fakes. United States of America: Data & Society. https://bit.ly/2wyWHcX
Piasecki, Jan; Waligora, Marcin; Dranseika, Vilius (2017). “Google Search as an additional source in systematic reviews”. Science and engineering ethics, v. 24, pp. 809-810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-0010-4
Roble, D., Hendler, D., Buttell, J., Cell, M., Briggs, J., Reddick, C., Chien, C. (2019). Real-time, single camera, digital human development. ACM SIGGRAPH 2019 Real-Time Live! (pp. 1-1). https://doi.org/10.1145/3306305.3332366
Rodríguez Jiménez, A.; Pérez J., Alipio, O. (2017). Métodos científicos de indagación y de construcción del conocimiento. Revista Escuela de Administración de Negocios, núm. 82, 2017, pp. 1-26. https://bit.ly/3hdukVr
Scolari, C. (2020). Cultura snack. Buenos Aires: La Marca.
Schick, N. (2020). Deepfakes: The Coming Infocalypse. United Kingdom: Hachette.
Seymour, M., Riemer, K., Yuan, L., & Dennis, A. (2021, January). Beyond deep fakes: Conceptual framework, applications, and research agenda for neural rendering of realistic digital faces. In Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (p. 4859).
Simondon, G. (2013). Imaginación e invención. Editorial Cactus.
Socha, M. (2020). Exclusive: Olivier Rousteing’s Avatar Greets Buyers at Balmain’s Virtual Showroom. WWD. https://bit.ly/2SzRwVM
Temir, E . (2020). Deepfake: New Era in The Age of Disinformation & End of Reliable Journalism . Selçuk İletişim , 13 (2) , 1009-1024 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/josc/issue/55089/685338
Vaccari, C. y Chadwick, A. Deepfakes and Disinformation: Exploring the Impact of Synthetic Political Video on Deception, Uncertainty, and Trust in News, Social Media + Society. January-March 2020: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120903408
Vincent, J. (2021, May 18). Deepfake dubs could help translate film and TV without losing an actor’s original performance. The Verge. https://bit.ly/3xck7Q9
Westerlund, M. (2019). The Emergence of Deepfake Technology: A Review. Technology Innovation Management Review. https://timreview.ca/article/1282
Whittaker, L., Letheren, K., Mulcahy, R. (2021). The Rise of Deepfakes: A Conceptual Framework and Research Agenda for Marketing. Australasian Marketing Journal, 1839334921999479. https://doi.org/10.1177/1839334921999479
Wiederhold, B. K. (2021). Can Deepfakes Improve Therapy?. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking. DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2021.29209.editorial
Zakharov, E., Shysheya, A., Burkov, E., & Lempitsky, V. (2019). Few-shot adversarial learning of realistic neural talking head models. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (pp. 9459-9468), https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.08233
Zeynal, O., Malekzadeh, S. (2021). Virtual Dress Swap Using Landmark Detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.09475.