Polarización y odio contra la Ley Trans de España en TikTok

Juliana Colussi; Noelia García-Estévez; Lucía Ballesteros-Aguayo

doi:10.7195/ri14.v22i1.2088

PDF (Spanish) HTML (Spanish) PDF HTML

Published: 16-05-2024

Updated: 16-05-2024

Versions:

16-05-2024 (2)

17-02-2024 (1)

Accepted: 22-12-2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v22i1.2088

Keywords:

polarization; hate; Trans Law; LGTBI ; TikTok; Spain.

Supporting Agencies

Department of Journalism at University of Malaga and European Union- Next Generation

Dimensions

Juliana Colussi, Dra

(ES)

Rey Juan Carlos University

juliana.colussi@urjc.es

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6324-3857 (unauthenticated)

Noelia García-Estévez, Dra

(ES)

University of Seville

noeliagarcia@us.es

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7871-2345 (unauthenticated)

Lucía Ballesteros-Aguayo, Dra

(ES)

University of Malaga

luciaballesteros@uma.es

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1191-4070 (unauthenticated)

Abstract

This exploratory and qualitative research focuses on the analysis of the polarization of hate messages towards the Trans Law of Spain in the videos published on TikTok. The sample is made up of 112 contents posted between October 13, 2022 and April 13, 2023. The main findings indicate the predominance of negative affective polarization towards the new legislation against the LGTBI+ community, through discursive resources that use the hate and misinformation to ridicule the law and the trans community.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Issue

Vol. 22 No. 1 (2024): LTE1. Expressions of Hate | LTE2. Branding and online brand prescribers

Section

HATE EXPRESSIONS, DIGITAL MEDIA AND DETECTION PROCESSES

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Author Biographies

Juliana Colussi, Dra, Rey Juan Carlos University

María Zambrano Fellow in UNESCO Chair for Communication Research linked to the Department of Audiovisual Communication and Advertising of the University King Juan Carlos, Spain. PhD and Master in Journalism at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, and graduate in Journalism from the Paulista State University (Brazil). He has completed a postdoctoral degree in Communication Sciences at the University of Beira Interior (Portugal) and in Journalism at the State University of Ponta Grossa (Brazil). His main lines of research deal with disinformation, politics and social networks; business models in journalism; and mobile journalism.

Noelia García-Estévez, Dra, University of Seville

Professor in the degree in Advertising and Public Relations at the University of Seville (US), assigned to the department of Audiovisual Communication and Advertising and member of the Information Analysis and Technique Research Group. Graduate in Advertising and Public Relations (2009-2012) and Journalism (2002-2007); Doctor from the University of Seville (2013) with Extraordinary Prize; Master in Business and Institutional Communication Management (2007-2008). His research profile is extensive with participation in various projects, numerous contributions to conferences and systematic publications, both individual and collective. His line of research focuses especially on the study and analysis of online communication, branding management, social networks on the Internet, digital technologies, multimedia convergence and, ultimately, the challenges and opportunities of technological and digital evolution. in advertising and journalistic communication.

Lucía Ballesteros-Aguayo, Dra, University of Malaga

PhD Cum Laude and International Mention, as a result of obtaining International Grants for research stays at the University La Sapienza (Rome) and the University of Aveiro (Portugal). Accredited by ANECA as a Hired Doctor, Lucia Ballesteros-Aguayo has a degree in Journalism and Advertising and PR and a Master's Degree in Teacher Training from the Complutense University of Madrid. She is currently a professor in the Faculty of Communication at the University of Malaga and Director of Master's Thesis at the University of Nebrija, she is also co-director and evaluator of doctoral theses. Research interests: Communication, Media Literacy, Disinformation and Media Studies.

How to Cite

Colussi, J., García-Estévez, N., & Ballesteros-Aguayo, L. (2024). Polarization and hatred against Spain’s Trans Law on TikTok. Journal ICONO 14, 22(1), e2088. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v22i1.2088 (Original work published 2024)

References

Albertazzi, Daniele y Bonansinga, Donatella (2023). Beyond anger: the populist radical right on TikTok. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 0:0, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2022.2163380

Arce-García, Sergio y Menéndez-Menéndez, María-Isabel (2022). Inflaming public debate: a methodology to determine origin and characteristics of hate speech about sexual and gender diversity on Twitter. Profesional De La información, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.ene.06

Ballesteros-Aguayo, Lucia y Chaparro Escudero, Manuel (2022). Plataformas digitales y bulos en salud: el caso de #SaludSinBulos. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 28(2), 249-259. https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.75683

Bârgăoanu, Alina y Radu, Loredana (2018). Fake news or disinformation 2.0? Some insights into Romanians’ digital behaviour. Romanian journal of European affairs, 18(1), 24-38. https://acortartu.link/ph0p6

Barroso-Moreno, Carlos; Rayón-Rumayor, Laura; Bañares-Marivela, Elena; y Hernández-Ortega, José (2023). Polarization, virality and contrary sentiments for LGTB content on Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter. Profesional De La información, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.mar.11

Bayarri, Gabriel; Colussi, Juliana; Gomes-Franco e Silva, Flávia; y Arrufat-Martín, Sandro (2024). Más banderas que palabras: la comunicación no verbal de Bolsonaro en su discurso polarizador. Anuario Electrónico de Estudios en Comunicación Social “Disertaciones”, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/disertaciones/a.12802

Benesch, Susan (2014). Defining and diminishing hate speech. En Peter Grant (Ed.), Freedom from hate: State of the worlds minorities and indigenous peoples 2014 (pp. 18–25). Minority Rights Group International. https://acortar.link/GIVvVg

Bessi, Alessandro; Zollo, Fabiana; Del Vicario, Michela; Puliga, Michelangelo; Scala, Antonio; Caldarelli, Guido; Uzzi, Brian; y Quattrociocchi, Walter (2016) Users Polarization on Facebook and Youtube. PLoS ONE 11(8): e0159641. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159641

Bucher, Taina (2016). The algorithmic imaginary: exploring the ordinary affects of Facebook algorithms. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), 30-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154086

Canavilhas, João; Colussi, Juliana; y Moura, Zita-Bacelar (2019). Desinformación en las elecciones presidenciales 2018 en Brasil: un análisis de los grupos familiares en WhatsApp. El profesional de la información, 28(5), e280503. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.sep.03

Castells, Manuel (2012). Redes de indignación y esperanza: los movimientos sociales en la era de internet. Alianza Editorial.

Cinelli, Matteo; De Francisci Morales, Gianmarco; Galeazzi, Alessandro; Quattrociocchi, Walter; y Starnini, Michele (2021). The echo chamber effect on social media. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 118(9):e2023301118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023301118. PMID: 33622786; PMCID: PMC7936330.

Coffey, Amanda Jane y Atkinson, Paul A. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data. Sage Publications.

Colussi, Juliana; Bayarri, Gabriel; y Gomes-Franco e Silva, Flávia (2023). We swear to lay down our lives for the fatherland!: Bolsonaro as influencer and agent of political polarization. Análisis Político, 106, 113-132. https://doi.org/10.15446/anpol.v36n106.111044

Colussi, Juliana (2020). Desinformación, política y religión: un análisis de los contenidos compartidos por WhatsApp durante la campaña presidencial de Brasil en 2018. Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação, E35, 477-489.

Del Vicario, Michela Del; Quattrociocchi, Walter; Scala, Antonio; y Zollo, Fabiana (2019). Polarization and fake news: Early warning of potential misinformation targets. ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB), 13(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1802.01400

Del Vicario, Michela; Vivaldo, Gianna; Bessi, Alessandro; Zollo, Fabiana; Scala, Antonio; Caldarelli, Guido; y Quattrociocchi, Walter (2016). Echo Chambers: Emotional Contagion and Group Polarization on Facebook. Sci Rep 6, 37825. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37825

Ekman, Paul (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3), 169-200. https://acortartu.link/e5idh

Ferrater Mora, José (1990). Diccionario de filosofía. Alianza.

Gadamer, Hans Georg (2004). Verdad y Método I (6ª ed.). Sígueme.

Gadamer, Hans Georg (2015). Verdad y Método II (9ª ed.). Sígueme.

Gagliardone, Iginio; Gal, Danit; Alves, Thiago, y Martinez, Gabriela (2015). Countering Online Hate Speech. Programme in Comparative Media Law and Policy. University of Oxford.

García Domínguez, Isabel (2020). El tratamiento penal de los delitos de odio en España con la adopción de una perspectiva comparada. Anuario Iberoamericano de Derecho Internacional Penal, 8(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/anidip/a.9899

Garrido, Antonio; Martínez Rodríguez, M. Antonia, y Mora Rodríguez, Alberto (2021). Polarización afectiva en España. Más Poder Local, (45), 21-40. https://acortartu.link/j6b0j

Glaser, Barney-Galland y Strauss, Anselm-Leonard (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine de Gruyter.

González-Aguilar, Juan Manuel, Segado-Boj, Francisco, y Makhortykh, Mykola (2023). Populist Right Parties on TikTok: Spectacularization, Personalization, and Hate Speech. Media and Communication, 11(2), 232-240. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i2.6358

Guiñez-Cabrera, Nataly y Mansilla-Obando, Katherine (2022). Booktokers: Generating and sharing book content on TikTok. [Booktokers: Generar y compartir contenidos sobre libros a través de TikTok]. Comunicar, 71, 119-130. https://doi.org/10.3916/C71-2022-09

Hung, Yi-Hsin; Miles, A’Lyric, Trevino, Zachary, Daniello, Carissa, Wood, Hannah; Bishop, Avery; y Monshad, Zihan (2023). BIPOC Experiences of Racial Trauma on TikTok: A Qualitative Content Analysis. Contemp Fam Ther. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-023-09669-6. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37361259; PMCID: PMC10169133

Ibañez, Michael; Sapinit, Ranz; Reyes, Lloyd Antonie; Hussien, Mohammed; Imperial, Joseph Marvin; y Rodriguez, Ramón (2021). Audio-Based Hate Speech Classification from Online Short-Form Videos. International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP), 72-77. https://doi.org/10.1109/IALP54817.2021.9675250

Iyengar, Shanto; Sood, Gaurav; y Lelkes, Yphtach (2012). Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization. Public opinion quarterly, 76(3), 405-431. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41684577

Krippendorf, Klaus (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Sage.

Lee, Jeehyun Jenny y Lee, Jin (2023). #StopAsianHate on TikTok: Asian/American Women’s Space-Making for Spearheading Counter-Narratives and Forming an Ad Hoc Asian Community. Social Media + Society, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231157598

Miller, Luis (2020). La polarización política en España: entre ideologías y sentimientos. PAPELES de relaciones ecosociales y cambio global, 152, 13-22. https://acortartu.link/nol1m

Mohammad, Saif M. y Turney, Peter D. (2012). Crowdsourcing A Word-Emotion Association Lexicon. Computational Intelligence, 29(3), pp. 436–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.2012.00460.x

Morozov, Evgeny (2016). La locura del solucionismo tecnológico. Katz.

Neuman, Nic; Fletcher, Richard; Eddy, Kirsten; Robertson, Craig T.; y Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis (2023). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2023. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2023

Olaz Capitán, Ángel José y Ortiz-García, Pilar (2021). Polarización afectiva sobre las élites políticas. Más Poder Local, 45, 41-55. https://acortartu.link/uyp0b

Oliveira, Thaiane Moreira de (2020). Como enfrentar a desinformação científica? Desafios sociais, políticos e jurídicos intensificados no contexto da pandemia. Liinc Em Revista, 16(2), e5374.

https://doi.org/10.18617/liinc.v16i2.5374

Paniagua Rojano, Francisco; Seoane Pérez, Francisco; y Magallón-Rosa, Raúl (2020). Anatomía del bulo electoral: la desinformación política durante la campaña del 28-A en España. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 124, 123-145. https://doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2020.124.1.123

Pariser, Eli (2017). El filtro burbuja: cómo la web decide lo que leemos y lo que pensamos. Taurus.

Paterson, Jenny L.; Brown, Rupert; y Walters, Mark A. (2019). The Short and Longer Term Impacts of Hate Crimes Experienced Directly, Indirectly, and Through the Media. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 45(7):994-1010. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218802835. Epub 2018 Nov 7. PMID: 30400746.

Pickles, James (2021). Sociality of hate: The transmission of victimization of LGBT+ people through social media. International Review of Victimology, 27(3), 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758020971060

Rivera Martín, Beatriz; Martínez de Bartolomé Rincón, Ireide; y López López, Pilar J. (2022). Discurso de odio hacia las personas LGTBIQ+: medios y audiencia social. Revista Prisma Social, (39), 213–233. https://revistaprismasocial.es/article/view/4868

Rodríguez Cano, Cesar Augusto (2017). Los usuarios en su laberinto: burbujas de filtros, cámaras de ecos y mediación algorítmica en la opinión pública en línea. Virtualis, 8(16), 57-76. https://acortartu.link/mrbew

Rodríguez Pérez, Carlos; Ortiz Calderón, Laura Sofía; y Esquivel Coronado, Juan Pablo (2021). Desinformación en contextos de polarización social: el paro nacional en Colombia del 21N*. Anagramas Rumbos y Sentidos de la Comunicación, 19(38), 129-156. https://doi.org/10.22395/angr.v19n38a7

Salaverría, Ramón; Buslón, Nataly; López-Pan, Fernando; León, Bienvenido; López-Goñi, Ignacio; y Erviti, María-Carmen (2020). Desinformación en tiempos de pandemia: tipología de los bulos sobre la Covid-19. El profesional de la información, 29(3), e290315. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.15

Sautera, Disa A.; Eisner, Frank; Ekman, Paul; y Scott, Sophie K. (2010). Cross-cultural recognition of basic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(6), 2408–2412. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908239106

Sayago, Sebastián (2014). El análisis del discurso como técnica de investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa en las ciencias sociales. Cinta de Moebio, 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-554X2014000100001

Simón, Pablo (2020). The Multiple Spanish Elections of April and May 2019: The Impact of Territorial and Left-right Polarisation. South European Society and Politics, 25(3-4), 441-474. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2020.1756612

Strauss, Anselm L. y Corbin, Juliet. (2002). Bases de la investigación cualitativa: técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la teoría fundada. Universidad de Antioquia.

Torca, Mariano y Comelles, Josep M. (2022). Affective Polarisation in Times of Political Instability and Conflict. Spain from a Comparative Perspective. South European Society and Politics, 27(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2022.2044236

Thomas, Kurt; Kelley, Patrick Gage; Consolvo, Sunny; Samermit, Patrawat; y Bursztein, Elie (2022). “It’s common and a part of being a content creator”: Understanding How Creators Experience and Cope with Hate and Harassment Online. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 121, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3501879

Törnberg, Petter (2018). Echo chambers and viral misinformation: Modeling fake news as complex contagion. PLoS one, 13(9), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203958

Umoja Noble, S. (2018). Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. NYU Press.

Volkoff, Vladimir (2000). Pequena história da desinformação: do cavalo de Tróia à Internet. Editorial Notícias.

Waisbord, Silvio (2020). ¿Es válido atribuir la polarización política a la comunicación digital? Sobre burbujas, plataformas y polarización afectiva. Revista SAAP, 14(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.46468/rsaap.14.2.a1

Wardle, Claire (2017). Fake news. It’s complicated. Medium.com. https://acortartu.link/iqprq

Wardle, Claire y Derakhshan, Hossein (2018). Thinking about ‘information disorder’: formats of misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information. In: Cherilyn, Ireton y Julie Posetti. (Eds.) Journalism, ‘fake news’ & disinformation (pp. 43-54). Unesco. https://acortartu.link/tki7w

Weimann, Gabriel y Masri, Natalie (2020). Research Note: Spreading Hate on TikTok. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 46(5), 752-765. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2020.1780027