Evaluación de la transparencia en el periodismo de datos de referencia Estudio de las historias publicadas entre 2018 y 2019
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La aprobación de leyes que garantizan el acceso a la información y fomentan la transparencia de las instituciones propulsó el establecimiento del periodismo de datos como práctica periodística. Esta especialización surge en favor de la transparencia, por lo que incorporar indicadores que resten opacidad a la industria mediática se plantea como necesario para añadir credibilidad y calidad a la historia publicada. Esta investigación se propone examinar el nivel de transparencia en las mejores historias de periodismo de datos reconocidas a nivel mundial publicadas entre 2018 y 2019. Asimismo, se pretende comprobar si la tipología de las fuentes y de los datos inciden en la opacidad y clasificar las piezas en función del grado de transparencia. A través de un análisis descriptivo e inferencial de los proyectos candidatos a los Data Journalism Awards 2019 y a los Sigma Awards 2020 (n=80) se detecta un amplio margen de mejora en cuanto a la transparencia. Mientras que en la mayoría de las piezas se menciona directamente la fuente (91,4%), el acceso a la metodología (48,8%) y a los datos en sí (20%) resulta muy limitado. Del análisis de correspondencias múltiple se desprenden tres grupos de historias, buena parte de las cuales pertenecen al nivel más opaco. Entre otras constataciones, se concluye que el tipo de fuentes y de datos incorporados no influye en el nivel de transparencia.
Palabras clave:
Transparencia, Periodismo de datos, Datos, Data Journalism Awards 2019, Sigma Awards 2020, Opacidad
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Córdoba-Cabús, Alba, y Manuel García-Borrego. 2021. «Evaluación De La Transparencia En El Periodismo De Datos De Referencia: Estudio De Las Historias Publicadas Entre 2018 Y 2019». Revista ICONO 14. Revista científica De Comunicación Y Tecnologías Emergentes 19 (2). Madrid, ES:364-87. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v19i2.1648.
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Karlsson, M. (2020). Dispersing the opacity of transparency in Journalism on the appeal of different forms of transparency to the general public. Journalism Studies, 21(13), 1795-1814. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1790028
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Karlsson, M., Clerwall, C. & Nord, L. (2017). Do not stand corrected: transparency and users’ attitudes to inaccurate news and corrections in online journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quartlery, 94(1), 148-167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016654680
Kennedy, H., Weber, W. & Engebretsen, M. (2020). Data visualization and transparency in the news. En: Engebretesen, M. & Kennedy, H. (eds.). Data Visualization in Society. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Kovach, B. & Rosentiel, T. (2001). The Elements of Journalism. What news people should know and the public should expect. New York: Crown Publishers.
La-Rosa, L. & Sandoval-Martín, T. (2016). La insuficiencia de la Ley de Transparencia para el ejercicio del Periodismo de datos en España. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 71(11), 1208-1229. https://doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2016-1142
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Loosen, W., Reimer, J. & Schmidt, F. (2017). Data-driven reporting: An on-going revolution? An analysis of projects nominated for the Data Journalism Awards 2013-2016. Journalism, 00(0), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917735691
Lowrey, W. & Hou, J. (2018). All forest, no trees? Data journalism and the construction of abstract categories. Journalism, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918767577
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Meyer, P. (1991). The New Precision Journalism. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Paraise, S. & Darigal, E. (2012). Data-driven journalism and public good: “Computer-assisted-reporters” and “programmer-journalists” in Chicago. New Media & Society, 15(6), 853-871. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812463345
Philips, A. (2010). Transparency and the New Ethics of Journalism. Journalism Practice, 4(3), 373-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003642972
Plaisance, P. L. (2000). The Concept of media Accountability Reconsidered. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 15(4), 257-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327728JMME1504_5
Porlezza, C. & Splendore, S. (2019). From Open Journalism to Closed Data: Data Journalism in Italy. Digital Journalism, 7(9), 1230-1252. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1657778
Porter, T.M. (1996). Trust in numbers: The pursuit of objectivity in science and public life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Singer, J. (2010). Norms and the network: Journalist ethics in a shared media space. En: Meyers, C. (Ed.). Journalism Ethics: A philosophical approach. (pp. 227-239). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Solop, F. I. & Wonders, N. A. (2016). Data Journalism Versus Traditional Journalism in Election Reporting: An Analysis of Competing Narratives in the 2012 Presidential Election. Electronic News, 10(4), 203-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1931243116656717
Stalph, F. (2017). Classifying Data Journalism. A content analysis of daily data-driven stories. Journalism Practice, 12(1), 1332-1350. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1386583
Tal, A. & Wansink, B. (2016). Blinded with science: Trivial graphs and formulas increase ad persuasiveness and belief in product efficacy. Public Understanding of Science, 25(1), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662514549688
Tandoc, JR. & Oh, S. (2017). Small Departures, Big Continuities? Norms, values and routines in The Guardian’s big data journalism. Journalism Studies, 18(8), 997-1015. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2015.1104260
Vos, T. P. & Craft, S. (2017). The Discursive Construction of Journalistic Transparency. Journalism Studies, 18(12), 1505–1522. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2015.1135754
Weinberger, D. (2009). Transparency: The new objectivity. Knowledge Management World. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3fw1Vc2
Young, M., Hermida, A. & Fulda, J. (2018). What Makes for Great Journalism? A content analysis of data journalism awards finalists 2012-2015. Journalism Practice, 12(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1270171
Zamith, R. (2019). Transparency, Interactivity, Diversity and Information Provenance in Everyday Data Journalism. Digital Journalism, 7(4), 470-489. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1554409
Zhang, S. & Feng, J. (2019). A step forward? Exploring the diffusion of data journalism as journalistic innovations in China. Journalism Studies, 20(9), 1281-1300. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1513814
Allen, S. D. (2008). The Trouble with Transparency. The challenge of doing journalism ethics in a surveillance society. Journalism Studies, 9(3), 323-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700801997224
Anderson, B. & Borges-Rey, E. (2019). Encoding the UX: User Interface as a Site of Encounter between Data Journalists and Their Constructed Audiences. Digital Journalism, 7(9), 1253-1269. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1607520
Anderson, C. W. (2018). Apostles of certainty: Data journalism and the politics of doubt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Appelgren, E. & Salaverría, R. (2018). The promise of the transparency culture. A comparative study of Access to public data in Spanish and Swedish newsrooms. Journalism Practice, 12(8), 986-996. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1511823
Beiler, M., Irmer, F. & Breda, A. (2020). Data Journalism at German Newspapers and Public Broadcasters: A Quantitative Survey of Structures, Contents and Perceptions. Journalism Studies, 21(11), 1571-1589. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1772855
Campos Domínguez, E. & Redondo García, M. (2015). Meta periodismo y transparencia informativa en el periodismo del siglo XXI. OBETS, Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 10(1), 185-209. https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2015.10.1.07
Coddington, M. (2015). Clarifying Journalism’s Quantitative Turn. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976400
Cortés del Álamo, H., Luengo Cruz, M. & Elías, C. (2018). Periodismo de datos y transparencia al margen de los grandes medios, un estudio comparativo de Civio y Propública. Revista ICONO 14. Revista científica de Comunicación y Tecnologías emergentes, 16(2), 66-87. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v16i2.1177
Deuze, M. (2003). The Web and Its Journalism: considering the consequences of different type of news media online. New Media & Society, 5(2), 203-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444803005002004
Díez Garrido, M. & Campos Domínguez, E. M. (2018). Los periodistas ante la transparencia en España: valoración y uso de la apertura informativa. Revista Española de la Transparencia, 7, 49-69. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3h0ioI7
Felle, T. (2016). Digital watchdogs? Data reporting and the news media’s traditional ‘fourth estate’ function. Journalism, 17(1), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915593246
Fink, K. & Anderson, C. (2015). Data Journalism in the United States. Journalism Studies, 16(4), 467-481. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.939852
García, A. M. (2014). Open government, open data, big data y transparencia: la información como nexo de unión. COMeIN, 39. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3kUEzOo
Gehrke, M. (2020). Transparency as a key element of data journalism. Perceptions of Brazilian professionals”. En: Computation + Journalism Symposium. Boston: USA. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3l3jhy5
Hammond, P. (2017). From computer-computer-assisted to data-driven: Journalism and Big Data. Journalism, 18(4), 408-424. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915620205
Hayes, A., Singer, J. B & Ceppos, J. (2007). Shifting Roles, Enduring Values: the credible journalist in a digital age. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 22(4), 79-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900520701583545
Horky, T. & Pelka, P. (2017). Data Visualization in Sports Journalism. Digital Journalism, 5(5), 587-606. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1254053
Howard, A. B. (2014). The art and science of data-driven journalism. New York: Tow Center for Digital Journalism. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8Q531V1
Jamil, S. (2019). Increasing Accountability Using Data Journalism: Challenges fot the Pakistani Journalists. Journalism Practice, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1697956
Karlsson, M. (2010). Rituals of Transparency. Journalism Studies, 11(4), 535-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616701003638400
Karlsson, M. (2020). Dispersing the opacity of transparency in Journalism on the appeal of different forms of transparency to the general public. Journalism Studies, 21(13), 1795-1814. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1790028
Karlsson, M. & Clerwall, C. (2018). Transparency to the Rescue? Evaluating citizens’ views on transparency tools in journalism. Journalism Studies, 19(13), 1923-1933. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492882
Karlsson, M., Clerwall, C. & Nord, L. (2017). Do not stand corrected: transparency and users’ attitudes to inaccurate news and corrections in online journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quartlery, 94(1), 148-167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016654680
Kennedy, H., Weber, W. & Engebretsen, M. (2020). Data visualization and transparency in the news. En: Engebretesen, M. & Kennedy, H. (eds.). Data Visualization in Society. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Kovach, B. & Rosentiel, T. (2001). The Elements of Journalism. What news people should know and the public should expect. New York: Crown Publishers.
La-Rosa, L. & Sandoval-Martín, T. (2016). La insuficiencia de la Ley de Transparencia para el ejercicio del Periodismo de datos en España. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 71(11), 1208-1229. https://doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2016-1142
Lizcano, J. (2012). Transparencia. Eunomía. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, 3, 160-166. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3pTVFQ6
Loosen, W., Reimer, J. & Schmidt, F. (2017). Data-driven reporting: An on-going revolution? An analysis of projects nominated for the Data Journalism Awards 2013-2016. Journalism, 00(0), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917735691
Lowrey, W. & Hou, J. (2018). All forest, no trees? Data journalism and the construction of abstract categories. Journalism, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918767577
Manfredi, J. L. (2014). Buenas y malas noticias sobre la ley de transparencia”. Cuadernos de periodistas, 27, 72-80. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3fGnuH7
Martinisi, A. (2013). “Data Journalism and its role in Open Government”. En: International Scientific Conference e-Governance, Research and Educational Centre for e-Governance. Universidad Técnica de Sofía, Sofía (Bulgaria), junio de 2013. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/33dCw21 Sofía, Sofía (Bulgaria), junio de 2013. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/33dCw21
Meyer, P. (1991). The New Precision Journalism. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Paraise, S. & Darigal, E. (2012). Data-driven journalism and public good: “Computer-assisted-reporters” and “programmer-journalists” in Chicago. New Media & Society, 15(6), 853-871. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812463345
Philips, A. (2010). Transparency and the New Ethics of Journalism. Journalism Practice, 4(3), 373-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003642972
Plaisance, P. L. (2000). The Concept of media Accountability Reconsidered. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 15(4), 257-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327728JMME1504_5
Porlezza, C. & Splendore, S. (2019). From Open Journalism to Closed Data: Data Journalism in Italy. Digital Journalism, 7(9), 1230-1252. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1657778
Porter, T.M. (1996). Trust in numbers: The pursuit of objectivity in science and public life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Singer, J. (2010). Norms and the network: Journalist ethics in a shared media space. En: Meyers, C. (Ed.). Journalism Ethics: A philosophical approach. (pp. 227-239). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Solop, F. I. & Wonders, N. A. (2016). Data Journalism Versus Traditional Journalism in Election Reporting: An Analysis of Competing Narratives in the 2012 Presidential Election. Electronic News, 10(4), 203-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1931243116656717
Stalph, F. (2017). Classifying Data Journalism. A content analysis of daily data-driven stories. Journalism Practice, 12(1), 1332-1350. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1386583
Tal, A. & Wansink, B. (2016). Blinded with science: Trivial graphs and formulas increase ad persuasiveness and belief in product efficacy. Public Understanding of Science, 25(1), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662514549688
Tandoc, JR. & Oh, S. (2017). Small Departures, Big Continuities? Norms, values and routines in The Guardian’s big data journalism. Journalism Studies, 18(8), 997-1015. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2015.1104260
Vos, T. P. & Craft, S. (2017). The Discursive Construction of Journalistic Transparency. Journalism Studies, 18(12), 1505–1522. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2015.1135754
Weinberger, D. (2009). Transparency: The new objectivity. Knowledge Management World. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3fw1Vc2
Young, M., Hermida, A. & Fulda, J. (2018). What Makes for Great Journalism? A content analysis of data journalism awards finalists 2012-2015. Journalism Practice, 12(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1270171
Zamith, R. (2019). Transparency, Interactivity, Diversity and Information Provenance in Everyday Data Journalism. Digital Journalism, 7(4), 470-489. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1554409
Zhang, S. & Feng, J. (2019). A step forward? Exploring the diffusion of data journalism as journalistic innovations in China. Journalism Studies, 20(9), 1281-1300. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1513814