Hybrid warfare & theory
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Las amenazas híbridas utilizan medios convencionales y no convencionales para lograr sus objetivos. Este documento explora la ciberamenaza como un posible aspecto de las amenazas híbridas. También se analizan los antecedentes del término guerra híbrida, cómo surgió y viajó a medida que las situaciones empíricas evolucionaron y necesitaron nuevas definiciones. Rusia apunta a lograr esto aplicando una combinación holística de medios militares, políticos y económicos para debilitar a Occidente y fortalecer su propio papel como actor global (con "Occidente", para simplificar, me refiero a los estados que constituyen la UE y la OTAN, pero es más un enfoque cultural que organizativo). El enfoque ruso se basa en una estrategia de control reflexivo que, como tal, es un método antiguo, pero el resultado de la aplicación de este enfoque da como resultado una guerra híbrida que, como tal, es un nuevo concepto emergente de lucha bélica. Este breve artículo analiza un aspecto particular de esta estrategia rusa, a saber, el uso de Guerra Híbrida, o no lineal, contra sus vecinos directos occidentales en particular y Occidente en general. La arena cibernética es muy importante en esta práctica. El ataque de esta situación armada es que la confianza en Occidente. Principalmente la UE (Unión Europea) y la OTAN (Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte), se erosiona cada día que estos países desafían el sistema internacional que las democracias occidentales dicen que presentan y defienden. Esto es parte de lo que puede describirse como un ejemplo de control reflexivo, ejercido por Rusia.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional.
Citas
Bachmann, S., Dowse, A., Gunneriusson, H. (2019). Competition short of war - how Russia's hybrid and grey-zone warfare are a blueprint for China's global power ambitions. Australian Journal of Defence and Strategic Studies, Australian Department of Defence, Canberra. 41-56.
Bachmann, S & Gunneriusson, H. (2014). Terrorism and cyber attacks as hybrid threats: defining a comprehensive approach for countering 21st Century Threats to Global Peace and Security. Journal for Terrorism and Security Analysis, Syracuse, Syracuse University. 26 - 37.
Bachmann, S & Gunneriusson, H. (2015a). Hybrid Wars: 21st Century’s New Threats to Global Peace and Society. Scientia Militaria - South African Journal of Military Studies, Stellenbosch. 77-98. DOI: 10.5787/43-1-1110
Bachmann, S & Gunneriusson, H. (2015b). Russia’s Hybrid Warfare in the East: Using the Information Sphere as Integral to Hybrid Warfare. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs - International Engagement on Cyber V: Securing Critical Infrastructure. Washington D.C. 198-211.
Bachmann, S & Gunneriusson, H. (2017-01-18). Eyes Wide Shut: How Russia’s Hybrid Warfare Exposes and Exploits Western Vulnerabilities. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Washington D.C.
Bogush, G. (2019). Domestic Implications of the OSCE’s Legal Personality under Russian Constitutional Law. The Legal Framework of the OSCE. Ed. Mateja Steinbrück Platise, et al. Cambridge. 119- 132.
Bowie, D. (1999). Interviewed by Jeremy Paxman Retrieved December 04, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbeXIMhf8sI
British Army. (2017). Land Operations 3-01. British Army, Land Warfare Development Centre, Warminster. Retrieved December 04, 2020, from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/605298/Army_Field_Manual__AFM__A5_Master_ADP_Interactive_Gov_Web.pdf
Bugayova, N. & Barros, G. (2020). The Kremlin’s Expanding Media Conglomerate. Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved December 04, 2020, from http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/kremlin%E2%80%99s-expanding-media-conglomerate
CGTN. (2018). China Media Group signs cooperation agreement with Russian news agency. Retrieved December 04, 2020, from https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d774e7851544d7a457a6333566d54/index.html
China Daily. (2019). Time for BRICS media groups to strengthen cooperation. Retrieved December 04, 2020, from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201911/01/WS5dbb972ca310cf3e35574e55.html
Cooper, J. (2018). The Russian State Armament Programme, 2018-2027. Russian studies 01/18 NATO Defense College, Rome.
Dixon, R. (2020-11-11). Azerbaijan’s drones owned the battlefield in Nagorno-Karabakh — and showed future of warfare. Washington Post.
Farley, D. J. (2012). The torturer's dilemma: the math on fire with fire. SFGate. Retrieved December 04, 2020, from https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/The-torturer-s-dilemma-the-math-on-fire-with-fire-2507085.php
Gazprom. (2019). Germany The biggest foreign buyer of Russian gas. Retrieved December 04, 2020, from https://www.gazprom.com/projects/germany/
Gibson, W. (1999-11-30). The Science in Science Fiction. Talk of the Nation, NPR (Timecode 11:55).
Global Times. (2017). Global Times begins cooperation with Sputnik Retrieved December 04, 2020, from https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1043165.shtml
Greenpeace. (2016). The consequences so far of Germany’s nuclear phaseout on the security of energy supply. Retrieved December 04, 2020, from https://www.greenpeace-energy.de/fileadmin/docs/pressematerial/Hinkley_Point/2016-09-01_GPE_Nuclear_Phaseout_Supply_Security_Energy_Brainpool_Aug_2016_EN_JR_FINAL_EBP-Draft.pdf
Gunneriusson, H. (2019). Hybrid Warfare and Deniability as Understood by the Military”. Polish Political Science Yearbook 2019 Volume 48, Issue 2. Torun. 267 – 288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2019205
Gunneriusson, H. (2017). Bordieuan Field Theory as an Instrument for Military Operational Analysis. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-65352-5
Gunneriusson, H & Rain Ottis. (2013). Cyberspace from the Hybrid Threat Perspective. The Journal of Information Warfare. Volume 12, Issue 3, Yorktown.
Gunneriusson, H. (2012). Nothing is taken serious until it gets serious. Defence Against Terrorism review. Vol IV, #1. Ankara. 47-69.
Hills, A. (2004). Future War in Cities. Rethinking a Liberal Dilemma. London & New York. DOI: 10.4324/9780203323120
Hoffman, F. G. (2007). Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid War. Arlington: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.
Hoffman, F. G. (2009a). Hybrid vs. compound war. The Janus choice: Defining today’s multifaceted conflict. Armed Forces Journal International. Springfield. Retrieved December 04, 2020, from http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2009/10/4198658
Hoffman, F. G. (2009b). Hybrid warfare and challenges. Joint Forces Quarterly issue 52, 1st quarter.
Interfax-Ukraine. (2014). Russian military plane shot down Ukrainian Su-25 aircraft in Ukraine. Kyiv Post. Retrieved December 04, 2020, from https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/war-againstukraine/russian-military-plane-shot-down-ukrainian-su-25-aircraft-in-ukraine-356422.html
Lefebvre,A., V., op cit in: Shemayev, V.N. (2007). Reflexive control in socio-economic systems. Information & Security. 22.
Malik, M. (2016). Geopolitics: Asia Out of Balance?. NATO and Asia-Pacific, ed. Alexander Moens and Brooke A.
Smith-Windsor. Forum Paper 25. NATO Defense College, Rome.
Mattis, J. (2008). Commander’s guidance for effects-based operations. Joint Forces Quarterly, 51, 4. (Washington, DC).
Moens, A. & Smith-Windsor, B. A. (ed.). (2016). NATO and Asia-Pacific. Forum Paper 25. NATO Defense College, Rome.
Nietzsche, F. Beyond Good and Evil (2020) Public Park Publishing, London. Ch. 4.
RT. (2019). Huawei & Russian media group Rossiya Segodnya sign deal on strategic cooperation. Retrieved December 04, 2020, from https://www.rt.com/business/467970-huawei-rossiya-segodnya-deal/
Seely, R. (2017). Defining Contemporary Russian Warfare. The RUSI
Journal, 162:1. 50-59. DOI: 10.1080/03071847.2017.1301634
Sputnik, (2017) “Sputnik News Agency, Alibaba Group Sign Memorandum of Strategic Cooperation”, Retrieved December 04, 2020, from https://sputniknews.com/world/201709061057129948-sputnik-alibaba-memorandum-cooperation/
Swedish Armed Forces. (2012). Militärstrategisk doktrin, Försvarsmakten, Stockholm.
The Aviationist. (2018). Retrieved December 04, 2020, from https://theaviationist.com/?p=55541
The Diplomat. (2019). Sweden Becomes Latest – and Among Most Forceful – to Ban Huawei From 5G. Retrieved December 04, 2020, from https://thediplomat.com/2020/10/sweden-becomes-latest-and-among-most-forceful-to-ban-huawei-from-5g/
The Nobel Prize Commite. (2020-10-07). Retrieved December 04, 2020, from https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/press-release/
Thomas, L. T. (2004). Russia's Reflexive Control Theory and the Military. Journal of Slavic Military Studies 17. 237-256. DOI:10.1080/13518040490450529
Weber, M. (1991). Samhällsvetenskapernas objektivitet. Tre klassiska texter. August Comte Om positivismen; Émile Durkheim Sociologins metodregler; Max Weber Vetenskap och politik. Gothenburg. Author’s translation.
Wirtz, J. J. (2017). Life in the ‘Gray Zone’: observations for contemporary strategists. Defense & Security Analysis, 33:2. 106-114. DOI: 10.1080/14751798.2017.1310702
World Values Survey. Retrieved December 04, 2020, from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSContents.jsp?CMSID=Findings