Twitter y el activismo por la discapacidad: liderazgo y temas relevantes en la conversación en red
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
La difusión y viralización de la información en los medios sociales ha sido ampliamente estudiada desde diversas perspectivas, incluida la del activismo digital. Por otro lado, el activismo relacionado con la discapacidad ha conquistado el terreno online obteniendo así un alcance que va más allá del espacio offline y generando diálogo en la esfera digital. Este artículo analiza la conversación generada en Twitter tomando como muestra todos los tuits con el hashtag #discapacidad anteriores y posteriores al Día Internacional de las Personas con Discapacidad. Se han analizado más de 18.000 tuits en los que hay casi otras tantas menciones, que han sido interpretadas como las aristas ponderadas de un grafo dirigido con el software Gephi, aplicando el algoritmo de fuerza bruta Force Atlas 2. Se ha puesto el foco en las comunidades conversacionales generadas en torno a ese hashtag, las temáticas principales y los actores destacados en dichas comunidades conversacionales. Se constata que, aunque la red de menciones es muy dispersa, Twitter es escenario de reivindicaciones que abarcan cierto apoyo institucional y político del entorno latinoamericano, de entidades relacionadas con la causa como La Fundación ONCE y, sobre todo, la predominancia clara de activistas mujeres.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional.
Citas
Aikaterini, Gkatzola y Papadopoulos, Konstantinos (2022). Facebook usage and quality of life of individuals with visual impairments. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/02646196221117644
Al Zayer, Mayed y Gunes, Mehmet Hadi (2018). Exploring visual impairment awareness campaigns on Twitter. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 8(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-018-0515-0
Asuncion, Jennison; Budd, Jillian; Fichten, Catherine S.; Nguyen, Mai; Barile, Maria y Amsel Rhonda (2012). Social media use by students with disabilities. Academic Exchange Quarterly, 16(1), 30–35.
Auxier, Brooke; Buntain, Cody L.; Jaeger, Paul; Golbeck, Jennifer y Kacorri, Hernisa (2019). # HandsOffMyADA: A Twitter Response to the ADA Education and Reform Act. En Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300757. https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3290605.3300757
Banjanin, Nikolina; Banjanin, Nikola; Dimitrijevic, Ivan y Pantic, Igor (2015). Relationship between internet use and depression: Focus on physiological mood oscillations, social networking and online addictive behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 308-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.013
Bassey, Anthony; Meribe, Nnaemeka; Bassey, Emmanuel y Ellison, Caroline (2021). Perceptions and experience of social media use among adults with physical disability in Nigeria: attention to social interaction. Disability & society. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2021.1983412
Bellon-Harn, Monica L.; Ni, Jianyuan y Manchaiah, Vinaya (2020). Twitter usage about autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 24(7), 1805-1816. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320923173
Benson, Phil (2016). The discourse of YouTube: Multimodal text in a global context. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315646473
Beykikhoshk, Adham; Arandjelović, Ognjen; Phung, Dinh; Venkatesh, Svetha y Caelli, Terry (2015). Using Twitter to learn about the autism community. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 5(22), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-015-0261-5
Bitman, Nomy (2023). ‘Which part of my group do I represent?’: disability activism and social media users with concealable communicative disabilities. Information, Communication & Society, 26(3), 619-636, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1963463
Bonilla del Río, Mónica, Di Cintio, Antonella y Pérez Rodríguez, Amor (2022a). Percepción del humor, challenges y discapacidad en TikTok. En Aguaded Gómez, José Ignacio; Vizcaíno Verdú, Arantxa; Hernando Gómez, Ángel y Bonilla del Río, Mónica (Cords). Redes sociales y ciudadanía: ciberculturas para el aprendizaje (pp. 325-331). Grupo Comunicar Ediciones.
Bonilla del Río, Mónica; Figuereo Benítez, Juan C. y García Prieto, Victoria (2022b). Influencers with physical disabilities on Instagram: Features, visibility and business collaboration. Profesional de la información, 31(6), e310612. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.nov.12
Bonilla del Río, Mónica; García Ruiz, Rosa; Aguaded, Ignacio y Muñoz Borja, Patricia (2021). Introducción. Activismo digital y diversidad social. Focos de interés para la educación mediática. En Tornay-Márque, Mª Cruz; Sánchez-López, Iván y Jaramillo-Dent, Daniela (Coords.). Inclusión y activismo digital: participación ciudadana y empoderamiento desde la diversidad (pp. 9-28). Dykinson S.L.
Bonilla del Río, Mónica y Sánchez Calero, Mª Luisa (2022). Inclusión educativa en tiempos de COVID-19: Uso de redes sociales en personas con discapacidad intelectual. RIED-Revista iberoamericana de educación a distancia, 25(1), 141-161. https://doi.org/10.5944/ried.25.1.30875
Borgatti, Stephen P.; Mehra, Ajay; Brass, Daniel J. y Labianca, Giuseppe (2009). Network analysis in the social sciences. Science, 323(5916), 892-895. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1165821
Brinkley Julian y Tabrizi Nasseh (2013). A pilot study examining the online behavior of web users with visual impairments. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 4(11), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2013.041121
Brubaker, Pamela-Jo y Wilson, Christopher (2018). Let’s give them something to talk about: Global brands’ use of visual content to drive engagement and build relationships. Public relations review, 44(3), 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.04.010
Cahyadi, Ani y Setiawan, Agus (2020). Disability and social media: exploring utilization of Instragram platform as a tool for disability advocacy. Al-Balagh : Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 5(2), pp. 223-250. https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v5i2.2746
Caron, Jessica y Light, Janice (2016). Social Media has Opened a World of ‘Open communication: Experiences of Adults with Cerebral Palsy Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication and Social Media. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 32(1), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.3109/07434618.2015.1052887
Caton, Sue y Chapman, Melanie (2016). The use of social media and people with intellectual disability: A systematic review and thematic analysis. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 41(2), 125-139. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2016.1153052
Chadwick, Darren; Wesson, Caroline y Fullwood, Chris (2013). Internet Access by People with Intellectual Disabilities: Inequalities and Opportunities. Future Internet, 5(3), 376-397. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi5030376
Cocq, Coppélie y Ljuslinder, Karin (2020). Self-representations on social media. Reproducing and challenging discourses on disability. Alter, 14(2), 71-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alter.2020.02.001
Criado, J. Ignacio; Pastor, Vicente y Villodre, Julián (2018). Internet y discapacidad. Un análisis de las oportunidades y de los desafíos de las redes sociales digitales en el ámbito de la discapacidad. CEF, 11, 99-117. https://doi.org/10.51302/tce.2018.225
Deriss, Mohammad Javad (2019). Review of topics related to autism spectrum disorder on Twitter. Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, 8(14). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13721-019-0195-3
Dobransky, Kerry y Hargittai, Eszter (2016). Unrealized potential: Exploring the digital disability divide. Poetics, 58(3), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2016.08.003
Dube, Nqobani (2020). The tragedy of the hidden lamps: In search of disability rights activists from the global south in the digital era. En Berghs, María; Chataika, Tsitsi; El-Lahib, Yahya y Dube, Kudakwashe (Eds.). The Routledge handbook of disability activism (pp. 247–257). Routledge.
Enajeh, Salem Mohamad Ali; Cavus, Nadire y Ibrahim, Dogan (2018). Development of a voice recognition based system to help physically disabled people use the facebook. Qual Quant, 52(Suppl 2), 1343–1352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0709-6
Ellis, Katie y Goggin. Gerard (2018). Disability and media activism. En Meikle, Graham (Ed.), The Routledge Companion to Media and Activism (pp. 355-364). Routledge.
Ellis, Katie y Kent, Mike (2016). Disability and social media: global perspectives. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315577357
Evans, Heather D. (2019). ‘Trial by fire’: Forms of impairment disclosure and implications for disability identity. Disability & Society, 34(5), 726-746. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1580187
Foster, Jordan y Pettinicchio, David (2021). A model who looks like me: communicating and consuming representations of disability. Journal of consumer culture, 22(3), 579-597. https://doi.org/10.1177/14695405211022074
Freeman, Linton (2004). The development of social network analysis. A study in the sociology of science, 1(687), 159-167
Furr, June B.; Carreiro, Alexis y McArthur, John A. (2016). Strategic approaches to disability disclosure on social media. Disability & Society, 31(10), 1353-1368. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2016.1256272
Gelfgren, Stefan; Ineland, Jens y Cocq, Coppélie (2022). Social media and disability advocacy organizations: caught between hopes and realities. Disability & Society, 37(7), 1085-1106. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2020.1867069.
Goffman, Erving (1963). Stigma. Spectrum.
Gómez Marí, Irene; Tijeras Iborra, Amparo; Manzanera Hernández, Salvador Miguel y Tárraga Mínguez, Raúl (2022). La discapacidad es trending topic: análisis del impacto en Twitter de diez campañas de sensibilización. Prisma Social: revista de investigación social, (36), 142-165.
Hoppestad, Brian Scott (2007). Inadequacies in Computer Access Using Assistive Technology Devices in Profoundly Disabled Individuals: An Overview of the Current Literature. Disability and Rehabilitation. Assistive Technology, 2(4), 189-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/17483100701249540
INE (2022). Encuesta de discapacidad, autonomía personal y situaciones de dependencia. Madrid: INE. https://www.ine.es/ss/SatelliteL=es_ES&c=INESeccion_C&cid=1259926668516&p=%5C&pagename=ProductosYServicios%2FPYSLayout¶m1=PYSDetalle¶m3=1259924822888
Ineland, Jens; Gelfgren, Stefan y Cocq, Coppélie (2019). Negotiating authority: Disability, interactions and power relations on twitter. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 21(1), 238-249. https://doi.org/10.16993/sjdr.591
Jaeger, Paul T. (2012). Disability and the Internet: Confronting a Digital Divide. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Kaleel, Shakira-Banu y Abhari, Abdolreza (2015). Cluster-discovery of Twitter messages for event detection and tren-ding. Journal of computational science, 6, 47-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2014.11.004
Lapierre Acevedo, Michelle (2023). Activismo digital de mujeres con discapacidad en Instagram: análisis de tres casos en Chile. Cuadernos.Info, (54), 225–246. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.54.51207
Li, Hanlin; Bora, Disha; Salvi, Sagar y Brady, Erin (2018). Slacktivists or activists? Identity work in the virtual disability march. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3173574.3173799
Liao, Sara (2019). # IAmGay# What about You?: Storytelling, discursive politics, and the affective dimension of social media activism against censorship in China. International Journal of Communication, 13, 2314–2333.
López Cepeda, Ismael; Mañas Viniegra, Luis y Vivar Zurita, Hipólito (2021). Los derechos fundamentales de las personas con discapacidad a través de los discursos sociales de las principales entidades sobre discapacidad en España. JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations, 12(1), 99-118. https://doi.org/10.26619/1647-7251.DT21.7
Mann, Benjamin (2018). Rhetoric of Online Disability Activism: #CripTheVote and Civic Participation. Communication, Culture and Critique, 11(4), 604-621. https://doi.org/10.1093/ccc/tcy030
Mañas Viniegra, Luis; Llorente Barroso, Carmen y López Cepeda, Ismael (2022). "La auto-representación de las personas con discapacidad en redes sociales." en Comunicación y pluralidad en un contexto divergente, 193-209. Dykinson
Mitchell, Fallon R.; Van Wyk, Paula M. y Santarossa, Sara (2021). Curating a culture: The portrayal of disability stereotypes by paralympians on Instagram. International Journal of Sport Communication, 14(3), 334-355. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2021-0030
Mohammed Shahin, Yasmin (2022). The effectiveness of a treatment program based on the use of short video clips improving the language skills of intellectual disabilities Children who able to learn. Journal of Research in Curriculum Instruction and Educational Technology, 8(2), 175-208. https://doi.org/10.21608/jrciet.2022.241762
Moral, Eva; Huete, Agustín y Díez, Emiliano (2022) #MeCripple: ableism, microaggressions, and counterspaces on Twitter in Spain. Disability & Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2022.2161348
Oliver, Mike (2004). If I had a hammer: The social model in action. En Swain, John; French, Sally; Barnes, Colin y Tomas, Carol (Eds.). Disabling barriers. Enabling environments (2ª Ed.) (pp. 7-12). Sage.
Pal, Sohum (2019). Crip Twitter and Utopic Feeling: How Disabled Twitter Users Reorganize Public Affects. Lateral, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.25158/L8.2.7
Pavlova, Alina y Berkers, Pauwke (2020). Mental health discourse and social media: Which mechanisms of cultural power drive discourse on Twitter. Social Science & Medicine, 263, 113250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113250
Pearson, Charlotte y Trevisan, Filippo (2015). Disability activism in the new media ecology: campaigning strategies in the digital era. Disability & Society, 30(6), 924-940. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2015.1051516
Pérez Dasilva, Jesús Ángel; Meso Ayerdi, Koldobika y Mendiguren Galdospin, Terese (2020). Fake news y coronavirus: detección de los principales actores y tendencias a través del análisis de las conversaciones en Twitter. El profesional de la información, 29(3), e290308. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.08
Pritchard, Erin (2021). Using Facebook to Recruit People with Dwarfism: Pros and Pitfalls for Disabled Participants and Researchers. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 23(1), 85–93. http://doi.org/10.16993/sjdr.747
Pullin, Graham (2011). Design meets disability. MIT Press
Quadri, Safa; Karusala, Naveena y Arriaga, Rosa I. (2018). #AutismAwareness: A Longitudinal Study to Characterize Tuiting Patterns for Indian and US Users. ICPS Proceedings, 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3297121.3297128
Raghavendra Parimala; Wood Denise; Newman Lareen y Lawry Jan (2012). Why aren’t you on Facebook? Patterns and experiences of using the Internet among young people with physical disabilities. Technology and Disability, 24(2), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.3233/TAD-2012-0343
Rugoho, Tafadzwa (2020). Social Media Influences on Youth with Disabilities in the Global South. En Frau-Meigs, Divina; Kotilainen, Sirkku; Pathak-Shelat, Manisha; Hoechsmann, Michael y Poyntz, Stuart R. (edits). The Handbook of Media Education Research, (pp. 105-111). Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119166900.ch8
Sarkar, Tanushree; Forber-Pratt, Anjali J.; Hanebutt, Rachel y Cohen, Mae (2021) Good morning, Twitter! What are you doing today to support the voice of people with #disability?: disability and digital organizing. Journal of Community Practice, 29(3), 299-318, https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2021.1982802
Schellewald, Andreas (2021). Communicative forms on TikTok: Perspectives from figital ethnography. International Journal of Communication, 15, 1437-1457. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16414
Shpigelman, Carmit Noa (2017). Leveraging social capital of persons with intellectual disabilities through Facebook participation: The perspectives of family members and direct support staff. Intellectual and developmental disabilities, 55(6), 407-418. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-55.6.407
Smieszek, Mateusz y Borowska-Beszta, Beata (2017). Nethnographic Research Report on Families with Members with Disabilities in Social Media and Facebook. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 6(2), 89-102. https://journals.lapub.co.uk/index.php/perr/article/view/173
Stamou, Anastasia G.; Alevriadou, Anastasia y Soufla, Fenia (2016). Representations of disability from the perspective of people with disabilities and their families: a critical discourse analysis of disability groups on Facebook. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 18(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15017419.2014.962611
Södergren, Jonatan y Vallström, Niklas (2022). Disability in influencer marketing: a complex model of disability representation. Journal of Marketing Management, DOI: 10.1080/0267257X.2022.2144418
Suriá, Raquel (2017). Redes virtuales y apoyo social percibido en usuarios con discapacidad: análisis según la tipología, grado y etapa en la que se adquiere la discapacidad. Escritos de Psicología, 10(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.5231/psy.writ.2017.21403
Tjokrodinata, Charlie; Bangun, Cendera Rizky; Dinansyah, Fakhriy y Farmita, Artika Rachmi (2022). Gamers with different ability and the role of EAI (E-Sports ability Indonesia). Jurnal Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 6(1), 52-66. https://doi.org/10.30596/interaksi.v6i1.8162
Trevisan, Filippo (2020). “Do You Want to Be a Well-Informed Citizen, or Do You Want to Be Sane?” Social Media, Disability, Mental Health, and Political Marginality. Social Media + Society, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120913909
Vashistha, Aditya; Cutrell, Edward; Dell, Nicola y Anderson, Richard (2015). Social media platforms for low-income blind people in India. En Proceedings of the 17th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on computers & accessibility. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2700648.2809858. https://doi.org/10.1145/2700648.2809858
Werner, Shirli y Shpigelman, Carmit Noa (2019). Information and communication technologies: where are
persons with intellectual disabilities?. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-018-0282-4
Williams, Shirley A.; Terras, Melissa M. y Warwick, Claire (2013). What do people study when they study Twitter? Classifying Twitter related academic papers. Journal of documentation, 69(3), 384-410. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-03-2012-0027
Wu, Shaomei; Hofman, Jake M.; Mason, Winter A. y Watts, Duncan J. (2011). Who says what to whom on Twitter. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on world wide web - WWW ’11, 705-714. https://doi.org/10.1145/1963405.1963504
Zhang, Ziqi y Ahmed, Wasim (2019). A comparison of information sharing behaviours across 379 health conditions on Twitter. International Journal of Public Health, 64, 431-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-018-1192-5